Propolis

Propolis, often referred to as “bee glue,” is a fascinating substance produced by bees with a variety of applications both within the hive and for humans. It is one of the many valuable products of the beehive, alongside honey, beeswax, and royal jelly. This article will explore what propolis is, how it is produced, its importance to bees, and how humans can benefit from its various uses.

What is propolis?

Propolis is a resinous substance that bees collect from the buds, sap, and other plant sources. The bees combine this resin with their own secretions to create propolis, which they use primarily to maintain the hygiene and integrity of their hive. Propolis is sticky, brownish, and has a strong, aromatic smell due to the variety of plant resins and essential oils it contains.

The composition of propolis can vary depending on the plants available to the bees. In some regions, propolis may be rich in substances like flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

How do bees use propolis in the hive?

Bees use propolis in several critical ways to ensure the survival and health of the colony:

Sealing the hive

One of the main uses of propolis is for sealing gaps and cracks in the hive. By filling in small openings, bees prevent the entry of predators such as ants, wasps, and hornets. Propolis also helps prevent drafts and maintains the internal temperature of the hive.

Antimicrobial protection

Propolis has natural antimicrobial properties, and bees use it to coat the walls of their hive. This serves to protect the colony from harmful microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. For example, propolis helps in preserving the hygiene of the brood cells (where the larvae are raised), reducing the risk of disease transmission.

Mummifying intruders

If a small intruder, such as a mouse, dies inside the hive, bees may use propolis to encapsulate and mummify the body. This is to prevent the spread of harmful bacteria or decay within the hive.

Strengthening hive structure

Bees also use propolis to reinforce the structural integrity of their hive. It is particularly effective at making the hive more resilient to vibrations and environmental stresses.

Collecting propolis

Propolis is not harvested as easily as honey or beeswax because bees use it throughout the hive for various purposes. However, beekeepers can collect propolis by using specially designed mats placed inside the hive. These traps encourage bees to deposit propolis in specific areas. Once enough propolis is accumulated, beekeepers can remove the mats, freeze them, and then scrape off any propolis.

After collection, propolis is typically cleaned to remove any debris, and it is then available for sale in various forms, such as raw chunks, tinctures, capsules, or creams.

Apistar stocks two varieties of propolis mats suitable for 10-frame beehives:

What are the benefits of propolis for humans?

Propolis has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and has been shown to provide several health benefits for humans. Here are some key benefits:

Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties

Propolis is known for its natural ability to combat harmful bacteria and fungi. Studies have shown that propolis can inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms, making it an effective treatment for infections. This property is why propolis is often used in mouthwashes, throat sprays, and skin care products.

Immune System Support

Propolis contains compounds that can help support the immune system. It is rich in antioxidants, which help to protect the body from oxidative stress and boost the body’s natural defense mechanisms. Some research suggests that regular use of propolis may help reduce the severity and duration of colds and flu.

Wound Healing

Propolis has been shown to promote tissue regeneration and reduce inflammation. It is commonly used to treat minor wounds, cuts, burns, and insect stings. Propolis creams or ointments can be applied to speed up the healing process and prevent infections in minor injuries.

Oral Health

Propolis is often included in oral health products due to its ability to fight oral bacteria. It can help prevent gum disease, reduce plaque buildup, and improve overall dental hygiene. Some studies suggest that it may also help reduce the symptoms of gingivitis and periodontitis.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

The anti-inflammatory properties of propolis can help reduce swelling and pain in conditions like arthritis. When taken as a supplement or applied topically, it may provide relief from inflammation-related discomfort.

How to use propolis

Raw Propolis

This is the most natural form of propolis. It can be chewed or used in its raw state, although it’s not as convenient as other forms.

Propolis Tinctures

These alcohol-based extracts are typically used as supplements. They can be added to water or taken directly to harness the full benefits of propolis in a concentrated form.

Propolis Capsules

These provide a convenient way to consume propolis as a dietary supplement. They are often used for immune support or as a natural remedy for colds and infections.

Propolis Creams and Ointments

Used topically, propolis creams are great for treating skin conditions like acne, eczema, or minor burns. They can also be applied to wounds to speed up healing.

Propolis Mouthwash 

This is commonly used to improve oral hygiene and reduce the risk of gum disease. A few drops of propolis tincture added to water can be swished around in the mouth to fight bacteria and improve overall oral health.

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